HMS Nelson in World War II

HMS Nelson (pennant number 28) was a Nelson-class battleship that entered service with the Royal Navy in 1927. One of two ships of its class, Nelsons design was a result of the limitations imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty. This resulted in the entirety of its main armament of 16-inch guns mounted forward of the battleships superstructure. During World War II, Nelson saw extensive service in the Atlantic and Mediterranean as well as aided in supporting troops ashore after D-Day. The battleships final wartime service occurred in the Indian Ocean where it aided the Allied advance across Southeast Asia. Origins HMS Nelson  can trace its origins to the days after World War I. Following the conflict  the Royal Navy began designing its future classes of warships with the lessons learned during the war in mind. Having taken losses among its battlecruiser forces at  Jutland, efforts were made to emphasize firepower and improved armor over speed. Pushing forward, planners created the new G3 battlecruiser design which would mount 16 guns and have top speed of 32 knots. These would be joined by the N3 battleships carrying 18 guns and capable of 23 knots. Both designs were intended to compete with warships being planned by the United States and Japan. With the specter of a new naval arms race looming, leaders gathered in late 1921 and produced the  Washington Naval Treaty. The worlds first modern disarmament agreement, the treaty limited fleet size by establishing a tonnage ratio between Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy. Additionally, it restricted future battleships to 35,000 tons and 16 guns. Given the need to defend a far flung empire, the Royal Navy successfully negotiated the tonnage limit to exclude weight from fuel and boiler feed water. Despite this, the four planned G3 battlecruisers and four N3 battleships still exceeded the treaty limitations and the the designs were cancelled. A similar fate befell the U.S. Navys  Lexington-class battlecruisers and  South Dakota-class battleships. Design In an effort to create a new battleship that met the required criteria, British planners settled on a radical design which placed all of the ships main guns forward of the superstructure. Mounting three triple turrets, the new design saw A and X turrets mounted on the main deck, while B turret was in a raised (superfiring) position between them. This approach aided in reducing displacement as it limited the area of the ship requiring heavy armor. While a novel approach, A and B turrets often caused damage to equipment on the weather deck when firing forward and X turret routinely shattered the windows on the bridge when firing too far abaft. HMS Nelson in the years before World War II. Public Domain Drawing from the G3 design, the new types secondary guns were clustered aft. Unlike every British battleship since HMS Dreadnought (1906), the new class did not possess four propellers and instead employed only two. These were powered by eight Yarrow boilers generating around 45,000 shaft horsepower. The use of two propellers and a smaller power plant was done in an effort to save weight. As a result, there were worries that the new class would sacrifice speed. To compensate, the Admiralty utilized an extremely hydrodynamically efficient hull form to maximize the vessels speed.  In a further attempt to reduce displacement, an all or nothing approach to armor was used with areas either being heavily protected or not protected at all.  This method had been utilized earlier on the five classes that comprised the US Navys Standard-type battleships (Nevada-,  Pennsylvania-,  New Mexico-,  Tennessee-, and Colorado-classes). Those protected sections of the ship utilized an internal, inclined armor belt to increase the relative width of the belt to a striking projectile. Mounted aft, the ships tall superstructure was triangular in plan and largely built of lightweight materials. Construction and Early Career The lead ship of this new class, HMS Nelson, was laid down at Armstrong-Whitworth in Newcastle on December 28, 1922. Named for the hero of Trafalgar, Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, the ship was launched September 3, 1925. The ship was completed over the next two years and joined the fleet on August 15, 1927. It was joined by its sister ship, HMS Rodney in November. Made flagship of the Home Fleet, Nelson largely served in British waters. In 1931, the ships crew took part in the Invergordon Mutiny. The following year saw Nelsons anti-aircraft armament upgraded. In January 1934, the ship struck Hamiltons Reef, outside Portsmouth while en route to maneuvers in the West Indies. As the 1930s passed, Nelson was further modified as its fire control systems were improved, additional armor installed, and more anti-aircraft guns mounted aboard. HMS Nelson (28) Overview:Nation: Great BritainType: BattleshipShipyard: Armstrong-Whitworth, NewcastleLaid Down: December 28, 1922Launched: September 3, 1925Commissioned: August 15, 1927Fate: Scrapped, March 1949Specifications:Displacement: 34,490 tonsLength: 710 ft.Beam: 106 ft.Draft: 33 ft.Speed: 23.5 knotsComplement: 1,361 menArmament:Guns (1945)9 Ãâ€" BL 16-in. Mk I guns (3 Ãâ€" 3)12 Ãâ€" BL 6 in. Mk XXII guns (6 Ãâ€" 2)6 Ãâ€" QF 4.7 in. anti-aircraft guns (6 Ãâ€" 1)48 Ãâ€" QF 2-pdr AA (6 octuple mounts)16 Ãâ€" 40 mm anti-aircraft guns (4 Ãâ€" 4)61 Ãâ€" 20 mm anti-aircraft guns World War II Arrives When World War II began in September 1939, Nelson was at Scapa Flow with the Home Fleet. Later that month, Nelson was attacked by German bombers while escorting the damaged submarine HMS Spearfish back to port. The following month, Nelson and Rodney put to sea to intercept the German battlecruiser Gneisenau but were unsuccessful. Following the loss of HMS Royal Oak to a German U-boat at Scapa Flow, both Nelson-class battleships were re-based to Loch Ewe in Scotland. On December 4, while entering Loch Ewe, Nelson struck a magnetic mine that had been laid by U-31. Causing extensive damage and flooding, the explosion forced the ship to be taken to the yard for repairs. Nelson was not available for service until August 1940. While in the yard, Nelson received several upgrades including the addition of a Type 284 radar. After supporting Operation Claymore in Norway on March 2, 1941, the ship began protecting convoys during the Battle of the Atlantic. In June, Nelson was assigned to Force H and began operating from Gibraltar. Serving in the Mediterranean, it aided in protecting Allied convoys. On September 27, 1941, Nelson was hit by an Italian torpedo during an air attack forcing it to return to Britain for repairs. Completed in May 1942, it rejoined Force H as flagship three months later. In this role it supported efforts to resupply Malta. Amphibious Support As American forces began to gather in the region, Nelson provided support for the Operation Torch landings in November 1942. Remaining in the Mediterranean as part of Force H, it aided in blocking supplies from reaching Axis troops in North Africa. With the successful conclusion of fighting in Tunisia, Nelson joined other Allied naval vessels in aiding the invasion of Sicily in July 1943. This was followed by providing naval gunfire support for the Allied landings at Salerno, Italy in early September. HMS Nelson at Mers-el-Kebir during Operation Torch, 1942. Public Domain On September 28, General Dwight D. Eisenhower met with Italian Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio aboard Nelson while the ship was anchored at Malta. During this time, the leaders signed a detailed version of Italys armistice with the Allies. With the end of major naval operations in the Mediterranean, Nelson received orders to return home for an overhaul. This saw a further enhancement of its anti-aircraft defenses. Rejoining the fleet, Nelson was initially held in reserve during the D-Day landings. Ordered forward, it arrived off Gold Beach on June 11, 1944, and began providing naval gunfire support to British troops ashore. Remaining on station for a week, Nelson fired around 1,000 16 shells at German targets. Departing for Portsmouth on June 18, the battleship detonated two mines while en route. While one exploded approximately fifty yards to starboard, the other detonated beneath the forward hull causing considerable damage. Though the forward part of the ship experienced flooding, Nelson was able to limp into port. Final Service After assessing the damage, the Royal Navy elected to send Nelson to the Philadelphia Naval Yard for repairs. Joining westbound convoy UC 27 on June 23, it arrived in the Delaware Bay on July 4. Entering dry dock, work began to repair the damage caused by the mines. While there, the Royal Navy determined that Nelsons next assignment would be to the Indian Ocean. As a result, an extensive refit was conducted which saw the ventilation system improved, new radar systems installed, and additional anti-aircraft guns mounted. Leaving Philadelphia in January 1945, Nelson returned to Britain in preparation for deployment to the Far East. HMS Nelson (left) with HMS Rodney, undated. Public Domain Joining the British Eastern Fleet at Trincomalee, Ceylon, Nelson became the flagship of Vice Admiral W.T.C. Walkers Force 63. Over the next three months, the battleship operated off the Malayan Peninsula. During this time, Force 63 conducted air attacks and shore bombardments against Japanese positions in the region. With the Japanese surrender, Nelson sailed for George Town, Penang (Malaysia). Arriving, Rear Admiral Uozomi came aboard to surrender his forces. Moving south, Nelson entered Singapore Harbor on September 10 becoming the first British battleship to arrive there since the islands fall in 1942. Returning to Britain in November, Nelson served as flagship of the Home Fleet until being moved into a training role the following July. Placed in reserve status in September 1947, the battleship later served as a bombing target in the Firth of Forth. In March 1948, Nelson was sold for scrapping. Arriving at Inverkeithing the following year, the scrapping process began

The Assessment Data Of The Miles College Self Study

1.1.a What did the evidence reveal about the unit continuing to meet this standard? The assessment data included in the Miles College self-study states that candidates preparing to work in schools, know and demonstrate content knowledge, pedagogical skills and professional dispositions needed to be facilitators of learning for all students in P-12 schools (IR, p. 3). . The Professional Education Unit at Miles College prepares candidates, at the initial level, in ten Alabama State Department of Education approved program of study areas. The unit programs of study are: Biology Education, Chemistry/Chemistry Education, Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, English Language Arts Education, General Science Education, History/Social Science Education, Mathematics/Mathematics Education, Music/Music Education (Choral), and Music/Music Education (Instrumental). Nine of the ten programs of studies that are approved as Class B programs by the Alabama State Board of Education through May 31, 2017 (Exhibits 1.3.a.1, 2.3.b.1a-c, 5.3.e.9, and 6.3.a.3). There was no documentation provided to verify the current approval status of the Music/Music Education (Choral) program LOOK ON AIMS. All ten programs matriculate to a baccalaureate degree. There is documentation for Elementary and Mathematics/Mathematics Education program that indicates that they met all of the Alabama State Standards (Exhibit 1.3.a.2). There was no documentation for the other 8 programs related to meetingShow MoreRelatedThe Professional Education Unit ( Peu )893 Words   |  4 Pages(PEU) at Miles College prepares candidates, at the initial level, in ten Alabama State Department of Education approved program of study areas. 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The Feasibility of Dried Tobacco Leaves as a Pesticide Against Cockroaches Free Essays

THE FEASIBILITY OF DRIED TOBACCO LEAVES AS A PESTICIDE AGAINST COCKROACHESChapter I Abstract Tobacco plants  nowadays are very much needed and demanded by most of our dear consumers especially farmer and now that we are facing an intense economic crisis, and with that mere situation, the primary necessities which are very much needed by man in order for him to survive his daily living are now of higher prices compared to the last couple of years and that includes the demanding need and use of the liquefied petroleum gas or LPG. Because of the fact that this difficult situation happens, most of our dear consumers really do prefer using alternative briquettes for their different cooking purposes. The purpose of this study is to be able to produce a low-cost, attainable and alternative briquette. We will write a custom essay sample on The Feasibility of Dried Tobacco Leaves as a Pesticide Against Cockroaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now The researcher really wants to know if banana peelings can be a good source of briquettes. The researcher gathered all the materials needed in conducting the said experiment like the banana peelings, scratched papers, water, measuring cup, knife, platform balance, scissors, molders, matches, pen, and paper and conducted the said experiment step by step. Then the researcher came up with the results that the molder with water, banana peelings and papers showed the longest time of fire resistance after being lit. Therefore, using banana peelings as a source of briquettes is effective and through this, awe can be able to produce a low-cost, attainable and alternative source of briquette. The researcher recommended further study and other sources of fruit peelings. Background Of The Study The tobacco plant is a very popular material because it is one of the ingredients in making cigarettes. Tobacco is a herbaceous plant widely cultivated for it’s leaves, which are rolled into cigars and also used in making pipes, process for chewing or grinding into pieces or snuff. Some commercial used tobacco leaves as one of its components. The tobacco plant is coarse, fast growing plant with a simple cylindrical stem from 4 to 8 ft. in length, growing from central taproots. Tobacco leaves has â€Å"nicotine†, a poisonous, colorless, oily, liquid, alkaloid with a very acid taste. Thus, making this a good pesticide against termites and many other insects. Pesticide are widely used nowadays by means of killing and controlling insects and other pests With this study, the researchers want to find out if the dried tobacco leaves is feasible as a pesticide Thus, helping them to avail and make this pesticide at home with less or cheaper money, time and effort. Statement Of The Problem This study aims to test whether the dried tobacco leaves is feasible as an pesticide. This is because tobacco plant is abundant here in the Philippines. The process in making this insecticide is simple and much cheaper than the commercial pesticide because its just a home- made pesticide. There are two set- ups in this study, which will use: dried tobacco leaves ( thinly sliced ), water, mortar and pestle and a spray container. This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. )What is in the tobacco leaves that it is feasible as a pesticide? 2. )Is the dries tobacco leaves effective as a pesticide? HYPOTHESES 1. )The tobacco leaves has nicotine which is an effective component in killing cockroaches. 2. )The dried tobacco leaves is effective as a pesticide against cockroaches. Significance Of The Study Nowadays, human beings make many inventions, for the betterment of human life. One of this, is the pesticide . This is to prevent insects from causing damage to may crops and other plants. Some insects are considered to be pests because it really causes damage to many farmlands. And also many pesticide are expensive. This study helps the Filipino people especially the farmers in making a home- made pesticide which is less expensive, and easy to make and you’ll only exert less effort. Scope and Limitation This study tries to focus only in knowing if the dried tobacco leaves is feasible as a pesticide in killing insects especially cockroaches. Definition of Terms Tobacco Plant- is an herbaceous plant, widely cultivated for its leaves, which are rolled into cigars and also used in making pipes, process for chewing or grinding into pieces or snuff. * Nicotine- a poisonous, colorless, oily, liquid, alkaloid with a very acid taste. * Cockroach-  (or simply â€Å"roaches†) are  insects  of the order  Blattaria. This name derives from the  Latin   word for â€Å"cockroach†,  blatta. Chapter II Review Of Related Literature Cockroaches live in a wide range of environments around the world. Pest species of cockroaches adapt readily to a variety of environments, but prefer warm conditions found within buildings. Many tropical species prefer even warmer environments and do not fare well in the average household. The spines on the legs were earlier considered to be sensory, but observations of their locomotion on sand and wire meshes has demonstrated that they help in locomotion on difficult terrain. The structures have been used as inspiration for robotic legs. Cockroaches are most common in tropical and  subtropical  climates. Some species are in close association with human dwellings and widely found around garbage or in the kitchen. Cockroaches are generally  omnivorouswith the exception of the  wood-eating genus  Cryptocercus; these roaches are incapable of digestingcelluloseprotozoans  and  bacteria  that digest the cellulose, allowing them to extract the nutrients. themselves, but have symbiotic relationships with variousTobacco  is an  agricultural  product processed from the fresh  leaves  of plants in the genus  Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide, and in the form of nicotinetartrate  it is used in some medicines. [1]  In consumption it may be in the form of  smoking,  chewing,  snuffing,dipping tobacco, or  snus. Tobacco has long been in use as an  entheogen  in the Americas. However, upon the arrival of  Europeans  in North America, it quickly became popularized as a trade item and as a recreational drug. This popularization led to the development of the southern economy of the  United States  until it gave way to cotton. Following the  American Civil War, a change in demand and a change in labor force allowed for the development of the  cigarette. This new product quickly led to the growth of tobacco companies until the scientific controversy of the mid-1900s. Tobacco leaves has â€Å"nicotine†, a poisonous, colorless, oily, liquid, alkaloid with a very acid taste. Thus, making this a good pesticide against termites and many other insects. Pesticide are widely used nowadays by means of killing and controlling insects and other pests. A  pesticide  is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a  pest. [1]  A pesticide may be a  chemicalpest. Pests include  insects, plant  pathogens, weeds,  molluscs,  birds,  mammals,  fish, nematodes (roundworms) and  microbesthat compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a  vector  for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals. Thus dried tobacco leaves can be an effective pesticide against cockroaches. It has a foul smell that cockroaches don’t like. If they smelled this foul smell, they will eventually die afterwards because it has nicotine which is poisonous. ( http://en. wikipidia. org/wiki/cockroaches/tobacco/pesticide Chapter III Methodology Materials and Equipment: In this study , the researcher  will be  needing 500g of dried tobacco leaves ( thinly- sliced ), 200  mL. f water , mortar and pestle , and a spray container . With this materials ,the researcher will be able to conduct the experiment . Procedure: The researcher will gather all the materials needed for the experiment . The dried tobacco leaves will be crush by the use of the mortar and pestle. 200  mL. of water will be added . Shake and mix the solution thoroughly . The solution will be put inside the spray container. Then it will be sprayed on cockroaches. The cockroaches will be put inside a closed box container and will be observed for 24 hours. Testing , observation and recording of data will follow . CHAPTER IV Results and Discussions A. Findings [pic] The table above is the summary of the three-replicated experiments. The researcher observed that container A has always the longest fire resistance compared to container B which was with water, banana peels but without papers and to container C which is the controlled group. In trial 3, the fire resistance lasted longer tan in trials 1 and 2, respectively. It shows that the amount of banana peels is made constant in order for the experiment ti be fair. B. Analysis Of Data he banana peelings have the advantage in terms of the measured fire resistance. The banana peelings mixed with water and papers measured 200 seconds while the banana peelings with water but without papers measured 104 seconds and the water with papers but without banana peelings measured 96. 3 seconds. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion After conducting the experiment, the dried tobacco plant can be a good pesticide against cockroaches. And with that , it can minimized the consumers expenses in buying commercial pesticides. Recommendation The researcher highly recommend further study in the project especially to the use of other dried tobacco leaves. How to cite The Feasibility of Dried Tobacco Leaves as a Pesticide Against Cockroaches, Papers

Stereotypes in Hollywood free essay sample

Over the course of history, stereotyping and the separation of ethnicities has been evident, especially in the entertainment industry. From television shows and motion pictures to even athletics people are often categorized and judged by the clothes they wear, and the talents which they possess. Hollywood and the media play a huge role in the lives of people today, mainly the youth. With magazines showing one how to do their hair and what to wear young adults are impressionable. With stereotyping different ethnic backgrounds, one is narrowing someone elses view of another in a negative way. Television, a way to advertise, entertain, and of course, influence. Everyone watches tv and has at least one favorite show. How are the races portrayed? For a while in television three main ethnicities were introduced. African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and the average Caucasian. Shows such as NYPD Blue often present an African American male as the robber or gang member, while the white male is seen as the â€Å"hero†. We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotypes in Hollywood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the flip side, there are also shows like The Fresh Prince of Bel Air and The Cosby Show that contradict this theory. Both of these shows portray African American families that live a comfortable life and hold distinguished occupations. We all know the zip code, and the infamous theme song, which is non other than 90210. This show was a typical stereotype of white Americans. The idea that most rich Mercedes driving snobs are white. There was not even one minority in the main cast. Also often seen as blue collar citizens are Latin Americans. In the hit tv show George Lopez, the thick accent and Hispanic inspired set give off a sense of their culture. The concept of George working at a factory is a typical occupation for his minority

The Progression of Music Essay Example For Students

The Progression of Music Essay The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure. That is the sensuous plane. It is the plane on which we hear music without thinking, without considering it in any way. (Copland, 22). Sometimes, people say music defines who you are and your type of lifestyle. Well for me music does shape who I am and the type of things I like and dislike. In my opinion this happens almost to everyone, I read blogs, talk to people, and we all have something in common. Music is meaningful no matter what type you listen to and theres always going to be something you dont like and someone who likes it; thats the beauty of it. Music even defines what type of people you associate yourself with and are friends with. Thats how powerful music is. Honestly, I cant pick a music that defines me. When I’m happy, I would like to listen on modern pop, but when I’m not happy. I would turn on Pandora app, and listen to classical. Recently, I took a walk around the floor on which I live and asked anyone who I found for their definition of hip-hop. I wasnt able to ask everyone, but I really didnt need to either. From the 15 or so people I asked, I got a similar answer, and each was that which I expected to hear. We will write a custom essay on The Progression of Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some of my friends thought that hip-hop was rap music, others said it was both rap and RB, and only one person had a good idea of what it actually is. Hip-hop is a culture, and there is a common misconception that hip-hop refers solely to a genre of music. â€Å"Music has four essential elements: rhythm, melody, harmony, and tone color. These four ingredients are the composer’s materials† (Copeland, 29). Likes other music, the most widely accepted definition of hip hop music is spoken words with a rhythm of bass, drums, and keyboard sounds. The words are spoken over the music and the accents and emphasis on words is important. Also, hip hop artists would use beats, rhythms, background music, and sometimes exact lyrics from previously recorded songs and incorporate them into their recordings. They often used a machine, known as a sampler, to replicate the existing sounds and tracks. In my opinion, hip hop artists create arts to express their feeling to their audiences. Jazz is the second kind of music that makes me want to do one of two things. â€Å"As one commentator has pointed out, if the idea of rhythm is connected in our imagination with physical motion, the idea of melody is associated with mental emotion† (Copeland, 36). Depending on the mood of the jazz, sometimes I feel like relaxing and just listening to the music and letting it run through me. Other times I feel like getting up and dancing as if I have not a care in the world. The jazz have a variety used by the musicians in dynamic, rhythm, tempo, and many other aspects of music. Jazz instruments included an electric guitar, a percussion set, and an organ. The three sounds were creatively combined to make for a wonderful concert. The first view of the music I recognized was the volume. It ranged from forte during the climactic moments to mezzo piano during the calmer parts, but mostly remained in this range throughout the concert. There were also several instances of crescendo and decrescendo, which served to build up tension or slow the piece down, respectively. The next element I discovered was the pitch of the music. Relatively speaking, I would estimate that the majority of the pieces were on the high side of the pitch, and therefore frequency, scale. The range of pitches was moderate, but as stated previously, mostly higher notes were used. Don’t get me wrong, jazz artists create music arts for beautiful things in life, thus not only for mere entertain. Referring in Chapter 17 on â€Å"What to Listen for in Music,† I would choose traditional Chinese music for Joy Luck Club film. â€Å"Music can play upon the emotions of the spectator, sometimes counterpointing the thing seen with an aural image that implies the contrary of the thing seen. .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .postImageUrl , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:hover , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:visited , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:active { border:0!important; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:active , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Listening To Music And Composing My Own Digital Music EssayThis is not as subtle as it sounds† (Copeland 113). Traditional Chinese music often tells about new life, good times, and beautiful hometown and so on. People play it to show their love for country, life, nature. If you listen to the main theme for the movie â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† again. You will have a mixture emotions of the flute and violin melody. For me, it’s the beauty of traditional Chinese music that creates a huge impact to me. In the movie, there are many sad things happen of four Asian women and their daughters reflect and guide each other. My purpose in writing this paper was to let readers know where music came from and how it has influenced the world and shaped it over time. I want people to know how our own society has been changed due to the power of music and the impact it has made on many people around the world. Music has made it possible for many people to do great things with their lives and great things to help the people around the world. Music likes art. It portrait our life in music notes symbol. At last, what do you think if we dont have music? Bibliography: Copland, Aaron. How We Listen.  What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 39-45. Print. Copland, Aaron. The Four Elements of Music Rhythm. What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 54-64. Print. Copland, Aaron. The Four Elements of Music Melody.  What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 65-73. Print. Copland, Aaron. Film Music.  What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 203-210. Print. The Joy Luck Club. Dir. Wayne Wang. Prod. Wayne Wang, Amy Tan, and Ronald Bass. By Amy Tan and Ronald Bass. Perf. Tsai Chin, Kieu Chinh, Lisa Lu, and France Nuyen. Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc., 1993.

Leading as a management function

Leading as a management function The main theme that affects the organization’s culture is the aspect of its leadership styles. There is definitely a straight connection between the leadership style and the organization’s culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading as a management function specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the leadership styles that show an interrelationship with the organization’s culture include directing, supporting, coaching and delegating. Directing involves definition of employees’ roles and telling them what, how and when they should do various tasks. Supporting leaders recognize and listen facilitate problem-solving situations. A leader who has coaching skills provides the direction while at the same time hears the person’s feelings, ideas and suggestions. A leader who delegates duties allows people to be more autonomous given that the leader has seen an aspect of competence, co mmitment and confidence in the people that they lead (Ken 2008). A leader who exercises any of the above styles allows innovations to take root. A good example of this situation is one that involved John Delorean when he was ones a division head of General Motors. He led by using all the above styles thereby enhancing innovations in the company (National Defense University, Not Dated). Qualities of leadership do not change. Instead, various aspects aimed at improving the qualities are added to the existing qualities in order to improve the standards of effective leadership. The static characteristic of quality leadership is contrasted with the ever changing management structure in any organization. This is because throughout time, there has been loss of middle management because the structures of contemporary organizations keep flattening off. These reasons prompt the current organization leadership to possess greater project management skills (Snell, a. 2009). The leadership of the company must therefore be composed of visionary and inspirational people. Such kinds of leaders are able to know what needs to be achieved and they can also create an image of how things ought to be (Snell 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An effective leader must also be aware and be influential. The awareness of a leader will make them understand the abilities of each individual. A good leader must also understand their role in influencing the group that they lead. Hence an influential leader will use vision and employ the services of stakeholders in order to sway an opinion. In addition, effective leadership skills must have the aspects of trustworthiness so as to be honest and open to the team under the leader. They should also keep track of progress as a way of monitoring the targets. Taking all these factors into consideration, it can be deciphered that the role of a leader is pretty challenging (Buble Ivana 2007). Managers can develop good leadership skills through many ways. Leaders need to observe methods and skills of their bosses that they respected. They need to take risks and try to learn from mistakes. Managers also need to read autobiographies of leaders they admired to try to understand how such leaders think. A lot of practice is also required in development of leadership skills. Leaders should not be afraid of making mistakes. They should rather try different approaches whenever they fail in one approach. They should also purposely engage others throughout their operations in order to get things done. Managers should also seek development experiences such as building something from nothing. They should be exposed to positive role models and overcome all kinds of hardships (Snell, a. 2009). Reference List Buble, M Ivana, P. (2007). Interdependence between Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles: The Croatian Case . The Business Review, Cambridge: Summer 2007: 7, 1: ProQuest. National Defense University, (Not Dated). Strategic Leadership and Decision Making. Retrieved from au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading as a management function specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Snell, B. (2009). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. Ed. 8. The Mc-Graw-Hill Companies.

Cramond report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cramond report - Coursework Example The plausible reason for this could be differential deposition by the varied compositions of the shore water. Point Estimate Upper CL Lower CL Salinity East Wednesday 32.4 32.9 31.9 Salinity West Wednesday 21 24.3 17.7 Salinity East Friday 32 33.9 31.1 Salinity West Friday 25.2 28.7 21.7 Based on the nature of sediments present a large number of varied species could be present on either side of the causeway. An analysis of the number of species growing at both the sites on each day was also done to further enhance the assessment. The east sand and west mud were analyzed for macrofauna and lugworms. Macrofauna comprise of the shallow water communities that live on or in sediment, or attached to hard substrates majorly living in marine, estuarine or freshwater environments. Annelid worms, bivalves, gastropods, crustaceans, tunicates, and insect larvae are some of the most commonly encountered macrofauna in estuarine and coastal areas. Lugworms are present as coiled castings on the beac h during low tides and are otherwise rarely seen as they dig into the sand. East Sand Wednesday West Mud Wednesday East Sand Friday West Mud Friday Shellfish - cockles 6 0 0 0 Shellfish - Macoma 0 33 30 11 Shellfish - winkles 0 6 0 1 Crustaceans - Corophium 17 41 0 244 Crustaceans - shrimps 2 20 0 1 Ragworms 21 29 21 56 Sandmason worms 0 0 26 0 Other polychaete worms 7 5 23 17 Amongst the macrofauna the species considered were Shellfish – cockles, Shellfish – Macoma, Shellfish – winkles, Crustaceans – Corophium, Crustaceans – shrimps, Ragworms, Sandmason worms and some other polychaete worms (data shown in table 2). Ragworms were the most uniformly present organisms on all days and in all salinity conditions indicating their non-specific nature of growth. Shellfish – cockles, Sandmason worms and Shellfish – winkles on the other hand had a very specific nature of abundance indicating their high sensitivity to even the slightest change in salinity conditions. Shellfish – cockles were less abundant (only 6 in number) and found only on the East Sand and that too only on Wednesday. Sandmason worms grew abundantly in the East sand on Friday only. Shellfish – winkles grew scarcely on West Mud on Wednesday and hardly grew on the West Mud on Friday with only 1 organism found that day. Shellfish – Macoma were found to grow on both the east sand and west mud and were dependant only on the salinity conditions present. They were able to grow on salinity estimates of up to 32 only. Crustaceans – Corophium was unable to tolerate high saline conditions and they grew on the east sand on Wednesday but died by the next day. However, their growth on the west mud was very favorable as they grew fairly well on Wednesday and their growth increased exponentially by the following day as they were found to reach a number of 244 from 41 the previous day. Other polychaete worms like the Ragworms grew on both the places in all days but their abundance was highest on the east sand on Friday. Lugworms were counted during as late as possible in the low tide period as they are otherwise very rarely found on the beach. Raw lugworm counts were scarce ranging from 0-5 only. Lugworms were present scarcely on the west mud on Wednesday but became nil by Friday probably due to change in salinity conditions. Similar pattern of abundance was seen on the east mud as

The Tactics of Michael Collins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tactics of Michael Collins - Essay Example 97-98). However, Collins also knew that "something more was necessary than a guerrilla war in which small bands of our warriors [] attacked the larger forces of the enemy" because "England could always reinforce her army" (Dwyer, 1990, p. 64). The tactic that arguably won the war was Collins implementation of the Squad which, together with his extensive intelligence network, was able to systematically assassinate British agents and thus cut of Britain's main supply of information. Both of these tactics resurfaced several times throughout the twentieth century, most notable in the teachings of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara and Brazilian revolutionary Carlos Marighella, but the question remains as to whom Michael Collins had the strongest link. Guevara was, like Collins, involved in a fight on a largely rural island, and often stressed the importance of taking up the fighting outside the city (Guevara, 1961, pp. 1-2). Even though both relied heavily upon the tactics of the Flying Column, there was a significant difference: whereas Collins guerrilla force only existed in the attack, Guevara had an actual army that could gain territory and form lines of resistance. Furthermore, Guevara actually had a chance to win his war through military means, unlike Collins and his ever-reinforced enemy. Collins idea of carefully selected executions was not unknown to Guevara, but it was in no way a key issue in his tactics.Marighella was facing an entirely different scenario, and thus devised new tactics to suit his needs. Fighting in heavy industrialized Brazil, he regarded the urban areas as the birthplace and battlefield of the guerrilla force (Marighella, 1969, p. 12). Like both of the others he subscribed to idea of the Flying Colum n, but unlike Guevara it was an autonomous unit, leaping only into existence when call upon (Marighella, 1969, p. 4). Marighella had no prospects of a traditional military victory, and like Collins he relied on the hidden warfare of surprise attacks, kidnapping and executions (Asprey, 1994, p.1089-90).To choose which of these later models is more consistent with Collins' is obviously to choose the lesser of two evils. Guevara fought an entirely different enemy, but used the Flying Column with great success. Marighella again fought a different foe and implemented Collins' idea of selective executions, but with less success. It seems that Marighella has the most to share with Collins. Although he lost his war, he took the most important part of Collins' tactics and attempted to put it into practice. Guevara merely adopted the foundational idea of small-unit fighting; a concept far predating Michael Collins. The answer as to whether Michael Collins should be regarded as villain or patriot is to some extent answered in the final sentence of Fidel Castro's defense speech of 1953; "History will absolve me". An attempt to define any reformer as good or bad will always be biased by the outcome of the conflict and our own political stance. However, technically Collins was a patriot by the very definition of the word: he fought for (the majority of) his country. The fact that he won Ireland her

Financial Aid Available to Operation Iraqi Freedom War Veterans Essay

Financial Aid Available to Operation Iraqi Freedom War Veterans - Essay Example About 160,000 guards have served in Iraq and Afghan and around 100,000 are yet to return. Wounded soldiers of the war after their comeback from combat zones struggle to return to normal civilian life because of the trauma and the hardships they had undergone during war. Many of them are disabled for life by loosing a limb, have suffered burns or have to face the reality of spending the rest of their lives in a wheel chair. They also suffer from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many veterans have just one weekend in a month to spend time with their families and their long absence during war times creates severe strain on their family members and their return home after being in the war zone for a longtime can make reintegration into their families and jobs a very difficult process. Grew discontent when they could not find a decent employment to support their standard of living. They formed great protest movements such as the BONUS ARMY to claim a bonus which the congress has promised them. After the Second World War many states set up their own veterans organizations such as the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign war organization which had the GI bill enforced and enacted which gave veterans free access to education and health care for the betterment of their lives. This created tremendous economic impact on their lives and with the housing loans available they were able to build houses and establish themselves in a safe and secure environment. The Iraq war veteran's organization was founded on April 12, 2003 to make sure that war veterans returning from Iraq would be assisted by the government so that they can have productive and fulfilling lives back in their home town. Nass , 2 The U.S department of veteran affairs and other federal agencies help veterans and their families to gain access to various benefits and services meant for the veterans. The governors of various states have created new programs to complement federal veterans based on their situation and eligibility criteria. Kansas State War Veteran Benefits. The state of Kansas provides several veteran benefits. Educational and Housing Benefits Financial Assistance Benefits Employment Benefits

Tests of Significance: Uses and Limitations

Tests of Significance: Uses and Limitations Abstract Statistical tools are undoubtedly important in decision making. The use of these tools in everyday problems has led to a number of discoveries, conclusions and enhancement of knowledge. This ranges from direct calculations using general statistical formulas to formulas integrated in Statistical software to fasten the process of decision making. Statistical tools for testing hypothesis, significance tests are strong but only if used correctly and in good understanding of their concepts and limitations. Some researchers have indulged into wrong usage of this tests leading to wrong conclusions. This paper looks at the different significance tests (both parametric and non-parametric tests) their uses, when to be used and their limitations. It also evaluates the use of Statistical Significance tests in Information Retrieval and then proceeds to check the different significant tests used by researchers in the papers submitted to Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGR) in the period 2006, 2007 and 2008. For the combined period 2006-2008, including the years 2006 and 2008, of the papers submitted had statistical tests used and of these tests were used wrongly. Key Words: Significance Test, Information Retrieval, Parametric Tests, Non-parametric Tests, Hypothesis Testing Chapter One 1.0 Introduction Statistical methods play a very important role in all aspects of research, ranging from data collection, recording, analysis, to making conclusions and inferences. The credibility of the research results and conclusions will depend on each and every step mentioned above; any fault made in these steps can render a research carried out for several years, spending millions of shillings to be worthless. This does not mean carrying any test and mincing figures shows that statistics has been used in the given research; the researcher should be able support why he or she used that specific test or method. Misuse of significance test is not new in the world of science. According to Campbell (1974), there are different types of statistical misuse: Discarding unfavorable portion of data This occurs when the researcher selects only a portion of data which produces the results that he/she requires perfectly while discarding the other portion. After a well done research, the researcher might get values that are not consistent to what he/she was expecting. This researcher might decide to ignore this section of data during the analysis so as to get the â€Å"expected results†. This is a wrong take since the inconsistent data could give very new thoughts in that particular field that is if these irregularities are checked and explained why they occurred, more ideas abut that area can be explored.. Overgeneralization Sometimes the conclusions from a research can only work on that particular research problem but the researcher might blindly generalize the results obtained to other kinds of research similar or dissimilar. Overgeneralization is a common mistake in current research activities. A researcher after successfully completing a research on a particular field, he/she might be tempted to make generalizations reached in this research to other fields of study without regarding the different orientations of these different populations and assumptions in them. Non representative sample This arises when the researcher selects a sample which produces results geared towards his/her liking. Sample selected for a particular study should be one that truly represents the entire population. The procedure of selecting the sample units to be used in the study should be done in an unbiased manner. Consciously manipulating data Occurs when a researcher consciously changes the collected data in order to reach a particular conclusion. This is mainly noticed when the researcher knows exactly what the customers aim are, so the researcher changes part of the data so that the aim of that research is covered strongly. For example if a researcher is carrying out a regression analysis and does a scatter plot, if he/she sees that there are many out liers,the researcher might decide to change some values so that the scatter plot appears as a straight line or something very close to that. This act leads to results which are appealing to the customer and the eyes of other user but in real sense does not give a clear indicator of what is really happening in the population at large. 1.0.5 False correlation This is observed when the researcher claims that one factor causes the other while in real sense both two factors are caused by another hidden factor which was not identified during the study. Correlation researches are common in social sciences and sometimes they are not adequately approached, this leads to wanting results. In correlation studies say to check if variable X causes variable Y, in real sense there are four possible things. The first one is that X causes Y,secondly Y causes X, third is X and Y are both caused by another unidentified variable say Z and lastly the correlation between X and Y occurred purely by sheer luck. All these possibilities should be checked while doing these kinds of study to avoid rushing into wrong conclusions. False causality can be eliminated in studies by using two groups for the same experiment that is the â€Å"control group (the one receiving a placebo)† and the â€Å"treatment group (the one receiving the treatment)† . Even though this method is efficient, implementing it raises very many challenges. There are ethical issues like when one patient is given a placebo (effect less drug) without his/her conscious and the other group given the right drug. One question comes to mind; is it ethical to do this to the first group? Carrying out the experiment in parallel for two different groups can also prove to be very expensive. 1.0.6 Overloaded questions. The questions used in survey can really affect the outcome of the survey. The structure of questions in a questionnaires and the method of formulating and asking the questions can influence the manner in which the respondent answers the questions. Long wordy questions in a questionnaire can be too boring to a respondent and he/she might just fill the questionnaire in a hurry so that he/she finishes it but does not really care about the answers that he/she has provided. The framing of questions can also yield leading questions. Some questions will just lead the respondent on what to answer for example â€Å"The government is not offering security to its citizens, do you agree to this? (Yes or No)† Use of statistical significance has been with us for more than 300 years (Huberty, 1993).Despite being used for a long time, this field of decision making is cornered by criticism from all directions, which has led to many researchers writing materials digging into the problems of statistical significance testing. Harlow et. al (1997), discussed the controversy in significance testing in depth. Carver (1993) expressed dislike of significance tests and clearly advocated researchers to stop using them. In his book, How to Lie with Statistics, Huff (1954) outlined errors both intentional and unintentional and misinterpretations made in statistical analyses in depth. Some journals e.g. American Psychological Association (APA) recommended minimum use of statistical significance test by researchers submitting papers for publications (APA, 1996), though not revoking the use of the tests. With the relentless criticism, other researchers have not given up on using statistical significance testing but have clearly encourage users of the tests to have good knowledge in them before making conclusions using them. Mohr (1990) discussed the use of these tests and supported their use but warning researchers to know the limitations of each tests and correct application of the tests so as to make a correct inferences and conclusions. In his paper, Burr (1960) supported the use of statistical significance test but requested researchers to make allowances for existence of statistical errors in the data. Amidst these controversies, statistical significance testing has been applied to many areas of research and remarkable achievements have been recorded. One such area is the information retrieval (IR). Significant tests have been used to compare different algorithms in information retrieval. 1.1.0 Information retrieval Information retrieval is defined as the science of searching databases, World Wide Web and other documents looking for information on a particular subject. In order to get information, the user is required to enter keywords which are to be used for searching, a combination of objects containing the keywords are usually returned from which the user looking for information can single out and pick one which gives him or her the much required information. The user usually progressively refines the search by narrowing down and using specific words. Information retrieval has developed as a highly dynamic and empirical discipline, requiring careful and thorough evaluation to show the superior performance of different new techniques on representative document collections. There are many algorithms for Information Retrieval .It is usually important to measure the performance of different information retrieval systems so as to know which one gives the required information faster. In order to measure information retrieval effectiveness, three test items are required; (i) A collection of documents on which the different retrieval methods will be run on and compared. (ii) A test collection of information needs which are expressible in terms of queries (iii)A collection of â€Å"relevance judgment† that will distinguish on whether the results returned are relevant to the person doing the search or they are irrelevant. A question might arise on which collection of objects to be used in testing different systems. There are several standard test collections used universally, these include; (i) Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). – This a standard collection comprising 6 CDs containing 1.89 million documents (mainly, but not exclusively, newswire articles) and relevance judgments for 450 information needs, which are called topics and specified in detailed text passages. Individual test collections are defined over different subsets of this data. (ii)GOV2-This was developed by The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).It is a 25 paged collection of web pages. (iii) NII Test Collections for IR Systems (NTCIR)-This is also a large test collection focusing mainly on East Asian language and cross-language information retrieval, where queries are made in one language over a document collection containing documents in one or more other languages. (iii) Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF). This Test collection is mainly focused on European languages and cross-language information retrieval. (iv) 20 Newsgroups. This text collection was collected by Ken Lang. It consists of 1000 articles from each of 20 Usenet newsgroups (the newsgroup name being regarded as the category). After the removal of duplicate articles, as it is usually used, it contains 18941 articles. (v) The Cranfield collection. This is the oldest test collection in allowing precise quantitative measures of information retrieval effectiveness, but is nowadays too small for anything but the most elementary pilot experiments. It was collected in the United Kingdom starting in the late 1950s and it contains 1398 abstracts of aerodynamics journal articles, a set of 225 queries, and exhaustive relevance judgments of all (query, document) pairs. There exist several methods of measuring the performance of retrieval systems namely; Precision, Recall, Fall-Out, E-measure and F-measure just to mention a few since researchers are coming up with other new methods. A brief description of each method will shade some light. 1.1.1 Recall Recall in information retrieval is defined as the number of relevant documents returned from a search divided by the total number of documents that can be retrieved from a database. Recall can also be looked at as evaluating how well the method that is being used to retrieve information gets the required information. Letbe the set of all retrieved objects andbe the set of all relevant objects then, Recall(1.1) As an example, if a database contains 500 documents, out of which 100 contain relevant information required by a researcher, the complement ,number of documents not required = 400. If the researcher uses a system to search for the documents in this database and it return 100 documents of which all of them are relevant to the researcher, then the recall is given by: Recall Supposed that out of 120 returned documents, 30 are irrelevant, then the recall would be given by Recall 1.1.2 Precision Precision is defined as the number of relevant documents retrieved from the system over the total number of documents retrieved in that search. It valuates how well the method being used to retrieve information filters the unwanted information. Letbe the set of all retrieved objects andbe the set of all relevant objects then, Precision(1.2) As an example, if a database contains 500 documents, out of which 100 contain relevant information required by a researcher, the complement ,number of documents not required = 400. If the researcher uses a system to search for the documents in this database and it returns 100 documents of which all of them are relevant to the researcher, then the precision is given by: Precision Supposed that out of 120 returned documents, 30 are irrelevant, then the precision would be given by Precision Both precision and recall are based on one term; Relevance Oxford dictionary defines relevance as â€Å"connected to the issue being discussed†. Yolanda Jones (2004) identified three types of relevance, namely; Subject relevance which is the connection between the subject submitted via a query and subject covered by returned texts. Situational relevance: connection between the situation being considered and texts returned by database system. Motivational relevance: connection between the motivations of a researcher and texts returned by database system. There are two measures of relevance; Novelty Ratio: This refers to the proportion of items returned from a search and acknowledged by the user as being relevant, of which they were previously unaware of. Coverage Ratio: This refers to the proportion of items returned from a search out of the total relevant documents that the user was aware of before he/she started the search. Precision and recall affect each other i.e. increase in recall value decreases precision value. If one increases a system’s ability to retrieve more documents, this implies increasing recall, this will have a drawback since the system will also be retrieving more irrelevant documents hence reducing the precision of that system. This means that a trade-off is required in these two measures so as to ensure better search results. Precision and recall measures make use of the following assumptions They make the assumption that either a system returns a document or doesn’t. They make the assumption that either the document is relevant or not relevant, nothing in between. New methods are being introduced by researchers which rank the degree of relevance of the documents. 1.1. 3 Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve This is the plot of the true positive rate or sensitivity against the false positive rate or (1 − specificity).Sensitivity is just another term for recall. The false positive rate is given by. An ROC curve always goes from the bottom left to the top right of the graph. For a good system, the graph climbs steeply on the left side. For unranked result sets, specificity, given bywas not seen as a very useful idea. Because the set of true negatives is always so large, its value would be almost 1 for all information needs (and, correspondingly, the value of the false positive rate would be almost 0). 1.1.4 F-measure and E-measure This is defined as the weighted harmonic mean of the recall and precision. Numerically, it is defined as (1.3) Whereis the weight. Ifis assumed to be 1, then (1.4) The E-measure is given by(1.5) E –measure has a maximum value of 1.0, 1.0 being the best. 1.1.5 Fall-Out This is defined as the proportion of irrelevant documents that are returned in a search out of all the possible irrelevant documents. Fall out(1.6) It can also be defined as the probability of a system retrieving an irrelevant document. These are just a few methods of measuring performance of search systems. Then after looking after one system, there arise a problem of comparing two systems or algorithms, that is, is this system better than the other one? To answer this question, scientist in Information retrieval use statistical significance tests to do the comparisons in order to establish if the difference in systems performance are not by chance. These tests are used to confirm beyond doubt that one system is better than another. Statement of the problem Statistical inference tools like statistical significance tests are important in decision making. Their use has been on the rise in different areas of research. With their rise, novel users make use of these tools but in questionable manners. There are many researchers who do not understand the basic concepts in statistics leading to misuse of the tools. Any conclusions reached from a research might be termed bogus if the statistical tests used in it are shoddy. More light needs to be shade in this area of research to ensure correct use of these tests. Researchers in Information Retrieval also use these tests to compare systems and algorithms, are the conclusions from these tests truly correct? Are there any other ways of comparison which minimize the use of statistical tests? Objectives of the study The objectives of this study are: Investigate use and misuse of statistical significance tests in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR. Shade light on different statistical significance tests their use, assumptions and limitations. Identify the most important statistical concepts that can provide solutions to the problems of statistical significance in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR. Investigate the reality of the problems of statistical significance in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR. Investigate the use of statistical significant tests used by researchers in Information Retrieval Discover the availability of statistical concepts and methods that can provide solutions to the problems of statistical significance in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR Chapter Two This section of this paper has been divided into three major parts, the sample selection and sample size choosing which will discusses methods of selecting a sample and the size of the sample to be used in a given research, the second part deals with statistical analysis methods and procedures, mainly in significance testing and the third part discusses other statistical methods that can be used in place of statistical significance test. 2.0 Sample Selection and Sample Size 2.0.1 Sample selection Sampling plays a major role in research, according to Cochran (1977), sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population and using the information derived from this portion to make inferences about the entire population. Sampling has several advantages, namely; (i)Reduced cost For example it is very expensive to carry out a census than just collecting information from a small portion of the population. This is because only a small number of measures will be made so only a few people will be hired to do the job compared to complete census which will require a large labor force. (ii)Greater speed during the process(less time) Since only a few people will be used or rather only a few items will be measured, the time for doing the measurement will be reduced and also summarization of the data will be quick as opposed to when measures are taken for the whole population. (iii)Greater accuracy Since only a few people will be considered in the process, the researchers will be very thorough as compared to the entire population which will see the researchers get tired in the middle of the process leading to lousy collection of data and shoddy analysis. The choice of the sampling units in a given research may affect the credibility of the whole research. The researcher must make sure that the sample being used is not biased, that is it represents the whole population. There are several methods of selecting samples to be used in a study. A researcher should always make sure that the sample drawn is large enough to be a representative of the population as a whole and at the same time manageable. In this section the two major types of sampling, random and non-random, will be examined. 2.0.1.1 Random sampling In random sampling, all the items or individuals in the population have equal chances of being selected into the sample. This procedure ensures that no bias is introduced during the selection of sample units since a n items selection will be only by chance and will not depend on the person assigned with the duty of coming up with the sample. There exist five major random sampling techniques, namely; simple random sampling, multi-stage sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and systematic sampling. The following section discusses each of these. 2.0.1.1.1 Simple random sampling In simple random sampling, each item in the population has the same and equal chance of being included in the sample. Usually each sampling unit is assigned a unique number and then numbers are generated using a random number generator and a sampling unit is included in the sample if its corresponding number is generated from the random number generator. One advantage attributed to simple random sampling is its simplicity and ease in application when dealing with small populations. Every entity in the population has to be enlisted and given a unique number then their respective random numbers be read. This makes this method of sampling very tedious and cumbersome especially where large populations are involved. 2.0.1.1.2 Stratified sampling In stratified random sampling, the entire population is first divided into N disjoint subpopulations .Each sampling unit belongs to one and only one sub population. These sub populations are called strata, they might be of different sizes and they are homogenous within the strata and each stratum completely differs with the other strata. It is from these strata that samples are drawn for a particular study. Examples of strata that are commonly used include States, provinces, Age and Sex, religion, academic ability or marital status etc. Stratification is most useful when the stratifying variables are simple to work with, easy to observe and closely related to the topic of the survey (Sheskin, 1997). Stratification can be used to select more of one group than another. This may be done if it is felt that the responses obtained vary in one group than another. So, if the researcher knows that every entity in each group has much the same value, he/she will only need a small sample to get information for that group; whereas in another group, the values may differ widely and a bigger sample is needed. If you want to combine group level information to get an answer for the whole population, you have to take account of what proportion you selected from each group. This method is mainly used when information is required for only a particular subdivision of the population, administrative convenience is an issue and the sampling problems differ greatly in different portions of the population of study. 2.0.1.1.3 Systematic sampling Systematic sampling is quite different from the other methods of sampling, supposed the population contains N units and a sample of n units is required, a random number is generated using the random number generator, call it k, then a unit(represented as a number) is drown from the sample then the researcher picks every kth unit thereafter. Consider the example that k is 20 and the first unit that is drawn is 5, the subsequent units will be 25,45,65,85 and so on. The implication of this method is that the selection of the whole sample will be determined by only the first item since the rest will be obtained sequentially. This type is called an every kth systematic sample. This technique can also be used when questioning people in a sample survey. A researcher might select every 15th person who enters a particular store, after selecting a person at random as a starting point; or interview the shopkeepers of every 3rd shop in a street, after selecting a starting shop at random. It may be that a researcher wants to select a fixed size sample. In this case, it is first necessary to know the whole population size from which the sample is being selected. The appropriate sampling interval, I, is then calculated by dividing population size, N, by required sample size, n. This method is advantageous since it is easy and it is more precise than simple random sampling. Also it is simpler in systematic sampling to select one random number and then every kth member on the list, than to select as many random numbers as sample size. It also gives a good spread right across the population. A disadvantage is that the researcher may be forced to have a starting list if he/she wishes to know the sample size and calculate the sampling interval. 2.0.1.1.4 Cluster sampling The Austarlian Bureau of Statistics insinuates that cluster sampling divides the population into groups, or clusters. A number of clusters are selected randomly to represent the population, and then all units within selected clusters are included in the sample. No units from non-selected clusters are included in the sample. They are represented by those from selected clusters. This differs from stratified sampling, where some units are selected from each group. The clusters are heterogeneous within each cluster (that is the sampling units inside a cluster vary from each other completely) and each cluster looks alike with the other clusters. Cluster sampling has several advantages which include reduced costs, simplified field work and administration is more convenient. Instead of having a sample scattered over the entire coverage region, the sample is more concentrated in relatively few collection points (clusters). Cluster sampling provides results that are less accurate compared to stratified random sampling. 2.0.1.1.5 Multi-stage sampling Multi-stage sampling is like cluster sampling, but involves selecting a sample within each chosen cluster, rather than including all units in the cluster. The Australian Bureau of Statistics postulates that multi-stage sampling involves selecting a sample in at least two stages. In the first stage, large groups or clusters are selected. These clusters are designed to contain more population units than are required for the final sample. In the second stage, population units are chosen from selected clusters to derive a final sample. If more than two stages are used, the process of choosing population units within clusters continues until the final sample is achieved. If two stages are used then it will be called a two stage sampling, if three stages are used it will be called a three stage sampling and so on. 2.0.2 Determination of sample size to be used 2.1 Statistical Analysis In this section, different statistical tests are discussed in details in their general form, then move to discussed how each of them(the ones used in IR) are applied to information retrieval. Only some of these tests are used to compare systems or/and algorithms. In this paper we look at three sections of statistical analysis, namely: (i) Summarizing data using a single value. (ii) Summarizing variability. (iii) Summarizing data using an interval (no specific value) In the first case, we have the mean, mode, median etc and in the second case, we look at variability in the data and in the third case we look at the confidence intervals, parametric and nonparametric tests of hypothesis testing 2.1.1 Summarizing data using a single value In this case, the data being analyzed is represented by a single value, example for this scenario are discussed below: 2.1.1.1 Mean There are three different kinds of mean: (i)Arithmetic mean (ii)Geometric Mean (iii)Harmonic mean (i) Arithmetic mean This is computed by summing all the observations then dividing by the number of observations that you have collected. Letbe n observations of a random variable X. The arithmetic mean is defined as Arithmetic mean When to use the arithmetic mean The arithmetic mean is used when: When the collected data is a numeric observation. When the data has only one mode (uni-modal) When the data is not skewed i.e. not concentrated to extreme values. When the data does not have many outliers (very extreme values) The arithmetic mean is not used when: You have categorical data When the data is extremely skewed. (ii) Geometric mean This is defined as the product of the observations, everything raised to power of, usually n. Letbe n observations of a random variable X. The geometric mean is defined as Geometric mean The Geometric mean is used when: The observations are numeric. The item that we are interested in is the product of the observations. (iii) Harmonic mean This is defined as the number of observations divide be the sum of reciprocals of the observations. Letbe n observations of a random variable X. The harmonic mean is defined as Harmonic mean The Harmonic mean is used when: The average can be justified for the reciprocal of the observations. 2.1.1.2 Median This is defined as the middle value of the observations. The observations are first arranged in ascending or descending order then the middle value is taken as the median. The median is used when: When the observations are skewed. The observations have a single mode. The observations are numerical. The median is not used when: We are interested in the total value. 2.1.1.3 Mode This is defined as the largest value in the given dataset or the value that has the highest frequency of occurrence. The mode is used when: The dataset is categorical. The dataset is both numeric and multimodal. 2.1.2 Summarizing variability Variability in a data can be summarized using the following measures: 2.1.2.1 Sample variance Letbe n observations of a random variable X, then the Sample variance, is given by The standard deviation is used when: The data is normally distributed. 2.1.2.2 The C

The Nuclear Family is No Longer the Norm in Modern Britain :: Sociology

In this essay, I am going to be talking about nuclear families not being the norm anymore. A nuclear family is a family that consists of the mother, father and the child/children. A heterosexual relationship between the mother and father, which would be based on love and compassion. The mother’s role includes cooking for the family and looking after the children. The father’s role includes providing for the family and acting as a role model towards the children. The children are offspring of both the mother and the father. Years ago, nuclear families were the norm in Britain. It was required that the relationship between a couple should be armoured by marriage. Although this point isn’t really believed anymore, some people still follow it-e.g. -Christians believe that couples should get married before they have any sort of sexually relationship, or even children. If your family wasn’t nuclear, you were considered as different to the society. You would even be treated differently. Not having a nuclear family would be a single mother with children, or a single father with children (though in some cases the adult could be a widow/widower). Another way of not being a nuclear family would even be being single/not married! In those days they used the word spinster for single women. (The word is not really used today, as it can be offensive to single women, although some cultures still choose to use it.) Nowadays, nuclear families are NOT the norm AT ALL. In fact, there are so many different types of families. There are single parent families, adopted families (where the child/children has been adopted), foster families (where the child/children has been fostered), gay and lesbian families, reconstituted (otherwise known as stepfamilies) and many many more. Personally, I think that the reason why nuclear families are no longer the norm in modern Britain is because of the different ways of life people have and the different views to life that people have. For example, single people could decide to have a child and not

Philosophy Essay

1. Settings: I scheduled my AA meeting for Tuesday September the 18th at 10 p.m. at the Sobe Room in Miami Beach (1718 Bay Rd. Miami Beach, Fl. 33139). When I arrived I noticed that the parking was far away from the actual meeting point. The meeting point was a church type structure with no sing or any other identification. The door was open so I just went in; I waited about 5 minutes for the meeting to start. The meeting took place in a large room, and the chairs were organized in a semicircle and at the front there was a kind of podium. In the Sobe Room all meetings are open, so I didn’t have to set an appointment. In the meeting were about 50 people, I guess because it was in south beach the majority were young people under 40. There were mostly white males, followed by white females some Latin and some African Americans. There were about 15 people who were there for the first time. I didn’t have to say why I was there but I did have to say my name when everyone else did. 2. Philosophy Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith. The primary purpose of AA is to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety. Although AA was founded on Christian principles and by white men, the organization has evolved to be multicultural. AA doesn’t keep a list of members’ names, but estimates that it has 2 million members who come from all backgrounds. The philosophy behind Alcoholics Anonymous is that alcoholism is a disease. Even if someone stops drinking, they are not â€Å"cured.† The individual is a recovering alcoholic. The organization follows a 12-step structure designed to help the recovering alcoholic have a healthy mind and spirit. By following the 12 steps in sequence, the recovering alcoholic can improve their thought processes and work on healing their emotions. 3. Therapeutic content Even though AA is an independent organization and is not based on psychological or therapeutic research or interventions, they have adopted some techniques of different theoretical models to help the group members deal with their illness. AA uses techniques from diverse psychological theoretical models such as existentialism, gestalt, and narrative therapy. The existentialism theory invites clients to explore their being and ask themselves philosophical questions such as what is the meaning of live, how do actions define individuals and to continually revise their set of values. AA uses this approach in its program when they talk about the greater power, the purpose of their lives, etc. Gestalt theory sees each client as a unique individual and states that any change made by the client has to be his or her own decision, gestalt therapy is also very confrontational, and in both characteristics are included in the AA program. AA states that the client will get better if and only they really want it and commit to it. Also AA uses an approach similar to the narrative therapy by treating the addiction as an illness and as a problem independent of the client, it externalizes it to try to confront it. 4. Impressions and significance: When I arrived to the meeting the first thing that called my attention was the fact that we had to park really far away from the actual site (about two blocks) I later found out that it was purposely made this way so the members wouldn’t feel self conscious about having their cars outside of something that could be affiliated with alcoholism. I entered the location, it wasn’t an actual church, but it had a church like structure. The doors were opened and most people seemed to know each other, before the meeting started some people said hi to me but no one asked any questions. The meeting began with a shot prayer called the serenity prayer, which had me thinking about some contradictions found in the AA philosophy since they claim not to have any religious affiliation but it certainly felt a little inclined towards the Christian side. After the prayer everyone introduced themselves (most people said their names and I’m an alcoholic, but some didn’t) I said my name but gave no further information. Then someone proceed to talk a little about the AA program and the 12-step structure. After the greeting process a guy (27) stood up and went to the podium. He started by repeating his name and saying he was an alcoholic. He said that since this time he saw a lot of new faces he wanted to share his story again. The man shared a very powerful story about his involvement with alcohol, he stated he started drinking around the age of 14, he said that at the moment he thought he was just having fun and doing the same that everyone else did, but that now that he thinks about it he realizes he was using alcohol as a coping mechanism to deal with the confusion he was facing about his sexuality. He stated that he came out of the closet at the age of 16, that it was a very difficult time and that he was dating older men who encouraged him to drink. He continued talking about what coming out had done to the relationship with his family members; he described the time as very painful and he cried while telling the story (some of the people in the meeting cried as well). He said that his mother was very supportive since the beginning, that his younger brother had a hard time understanding; he said that he was a jog in school, so no one expected him to come out since he wasn’t â€Å"the gay type†. But that the real issue was with his father, as soon as he gave him the news the father became very angry and he kicked him out of the house. He said that he sort of expected the reaction but thought that he would eventually get over it, but that that hadn’t happened yet, and that it’s been 10 years and 7 months since the last time he spoke with his father. He said that he joined AA when he was 23, he decide to attend a meeting because he and his partner were having terrible fights while he was under the influence of alcohol and he even tried to hit him once. At that point the partner threatened with leaving him if he didn’t get treatment. He stated that it was the best decision he made in his live. He has now been sober for 3 years and 4 months. Before going to the meeting I had many opinions about what I would find there, I was sure that most people would be people of low socioeconomic status probably many homeless and very angry people. I was afraid of being forced to speak and that they wouldn’t understand the reason that I was participating in the meeting. I expected to see a lot of people praying, singing, and hugging at the end. But the truth is that the reality was very different to what I had in my imagination, I think my perception was heavily influenced by movies I’ve see about it. One thing that caught my attention was the first to realize that most people in the group were people with jobs and life situations fairly normal. But mostly I was surprised that people were a bit cold and distant. I was hoping that dodos were united and friendly to each other but not the case. For me the story of gay guy was very powerful and I felt good to see people around me responding positively and nodding. One thing I did not like was the strong Christian influence of the program; I feel that excludes many people who do not feel identified with this dogma. I think AA is a very powerful tool and can help many clients, but I also think is not for everyone. I would recommend it to clients with maladaptive behaviors that do not have the skills to deal with day-to-day problems. I think that a person has to be religious to some point to really identify with the program. I would not recommend this program to teenagers because I think that there are other programs more suitable for this population.

Black Psychology essays

Black Psychology essays The mission of policemen in America is to serve and protect, but if one reviews the recent history of the police force across the country, one is forced to ask: who is doing the protecting? Africans in America are far too often the victims of police violence, and very infrequently the beneficiaries of it. The police force exists as part of the distorted view of life given to us by the ruling elites. At the root of this twisted unreality is a social system based on economic and racial control. The police force itself is not an inherently evil thing, just a tool to enforce this control. Their effectiveness in maintaining this control would be far less effective if the ideologies underlying the control where not in place. These ideologies are multi-faceted; I will merely bring out a few here. The first is the ideology of blaming the victim, which is the subject of a book by the same name. Blaming the victim holds, quite innocuously it seems at first, that people ought to be held perso nally responsible for their actions. The logic goes: if you commit a crime, you ought to suffer the consequences. Secondly, the social order defines what crime is. Most often criminal behavior has little to do with absolute standards of justice and more to do with who has the money to justify and sanitize their illegal behavior. White-collar criminals engage in far more heinous behavior without getting caught than the criminals who commit muggings, theft, or drug sales. Thirdly, criminalization of certain behaviors has racial undertones-the overwhelming public perception of crime is linked with people of color, most specifically black males. These all have implications for the sanctioning of violence by the police force. In the first place, blaming the victim allows policemen to engage in any action that escalates the level of violence, if it can be demonstrated that such a use of force was necessary to subdue the criminal. Using...

Free Essays on Puritan

It is often surprising to realize the uncanny similarities in the creative writings of seemingly opposite cultures. In â€Å"The Crucible,, by Arthur Miller, the characters are indulged in their Puritan lifestyle, behaviors and thinking patterns. Yet their struggles are curiously similar to concerns and difficulties evidenced in our own popular culture. Songwriter Billy Joel explores fear, hatred and the ease with which some people go along with the crowd in his song, †An Innocent Man†. In the early lines of the piece, Billy Joel writes: â€Å"If there’s a chance of it opening up, they hear a voice in the hall outside, and hope that it just passes by.† This is sort of a metaphor for Parris in,† The Crucible† and how he blinks when something goes wrong, hoping it will just go away. Further along in an Innocent Man†, Joel sings, â€Å"Some people find that it’s easier to hate, than to wait anymore.† The apparent tendency to hate and fear is a common theme in the Salem Puritan society of â€Å"The Crucible†. Lastly, Billy Joel writes, â€Å"Some people hope for a miracle cure, some people just accept the world as the way it is, but I’m not willing to lay down and die.† This part of the song reminds me of the Republican and Democratic parties and how we voted for the republicans to fight back against the terrorists in the Middle East. The second part of the first verse is a metaphor for Parris and how he just hopes that his problems will go away. In the beginning of the play Parris finds his daughter and niece along with many other girls from the town in the woods dancing around a crock-pot. He tries to look past it and believe that it never happened. Parris does this with many situations in the book. When he finds out that Abigail was fried from the Proctor house. Parris tries to believe that it never happened so that he can go on with his priestly duties. Then after his daughter goes into a trance to disprove the t... Free Essays on Puritan Free Essays on Puritan It is often surprising to realize the uncanny similarities in the creative writings of seemingly opposite cultures. In â€Å"The Crucible,, by Arthur Miller, the characters are indulged in their Puritan lifestyle, behaviors and thinking patterns. Yet their struggles are curiously similar to concerns and difficulties evidenced in our own popular culture. Songwriter Billy Joel explores fear, hatred and the ease with which some people go along with the crowd in his song, †An Innocent Man†. In the early lines of the piece, Billy Joel writes: â€Å"If there’s a chance of it opening up, they hear a voice in the hall outside, and hope that it just passes by.† This is sort of a metaphor for Parris in,† The Crucible† and how he blinks when something goes wrong, hoping it will just go away. Further along in an Innocent Man†, Joel sings, â€Å"Some people find that it’s easier to hate, than to wait anymore.† The apparent tendency to hate and fear is a common theme in the Salem Puritan society of â€Å"The Crucible†. Lastly, Billy Joel writes, â€Å"Some people hope for a miracle cure, some people just accept the world as the way it is, but I’m not willing to lay down and die.† This part of the song reminds me of the Republican and Democratic parties and how we voted for the republicans to fight back against the terrorists in the Middle East. The second part of the first verse is a metaphor for Parris and how he just hopes that his problems will go away. In the beginning of the play Parris finds his daughter and niece along with many other girls from the town in the woods dancing around a crock-pot. He tries to look past it and believe that it never happened. Parris does this with many situations in the book. When he finds out that Abigail was fried from the Proctor house. Parris tries to believe that it never happened so that he can go on with his priestly duties. Then after his daughter goes into a trance to disprove the t...

Ford Mustang Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ford Mustang - Assignment Example For instance, in order for an automobile company to remain relevant in the market, most of them employ the strategy of lowering their costs to attract customers. This has been the war witnessed between Toyota and Ford and General Motors Company as noted by John (1999). Political/Government factors also impact on the automobile industries strategic planning as government laws and regulations requires them engage in production of eco-friendly automobiles (John, 1999). John reports that due to environmental concerns, car companies are being forced to abide with the regulations aimed at mitigating the levels of pollution. For instance, car companies are expected to adhere to Average Fuel Economy, which took effect in 1975 (John, 1999). Failure to comply with these regulations attracts heavy fines, which proves costly to these companies. For instance, these regulations have forced most of these companies to engage in the manufacture of eco-friendly and fuel efficient cars (John, 1999). John reports that the governments bid top lower the rate of employment has discouraged Ford Motors for instance, from fully automating its operation, which would in a way take up local jobs. The same has been witnessed with General Motors Company and Toyota as well. Technological changes taking place all over the world requires technological changes within automobile industries (Reynolds and Lancaster, 2012). This is due to the fact that some companies in the automobile industry have come up with more eco-friendly, and fuel efficient cars that are on high demand. A case in point is the most recent electric car. This means that other companies have to emulate this in order to remain relevant and have a competitive advantage over other competitors. Economic trends are the changes that occur in the economies of countries across the globe. The automobile industry is among the industries largely affected by